The pharmacological effects of nicotine upon the body.
The mechanical steps involved in smoking include carrying cigarettes, lighting them, placing them between the lips, sucking on them, inhaling the smoke, exhaling, holding the lighted cigarette, and repeating the maneuver. A physical need that is satisfied by these steps is the achievement of a blood level of nicotine and other substances. This is somewhat that habituated smoker's body comes to sense a worthwhile goal. Psychological needs that are satisfied by the steps involved in smoking are very basic and infantile, including ingesting, sucking, grasping, and repetitive hand to mouth activity.
That the psychological needs of smoking are of as great importance as the chemical ones is amply illustrated by consistent observations on persons who have recently tried to quit. They eat more and gain weight, "do not know what to do" with their hands, and experience extreme psychological discomfort manifested as irritably. While the loss of chemical satisfaction contributed to this by unknown and indirect mechanisms, the substitution of food for smoking substitutes the importance of the sucking and ingestion behavior.
Many preparations have been devised to combat tobacco habits. These prior efforts have generally been directed to the concurrent use of tobacco and silver salts, sulfides, sulfur, thioglycols, lobeline, sedatives, anticonvulsant drugs, or other substances causing nausea or ill feeling to the end of building up to a psychological response to tobacco that make the same undesirable. Not only have such preparations proved unpopular because of the lack of desire on the part of the individual deliberately to make himself ill to cure the habit, they have also proved ineffective to many instances even when faithfully employed. It is well known that the habit-formula and health-deterring factor in tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum) is the Nicotine (C10 H14 N2) which is a very toxic substance, the lethal unit dose for an average adult is about 60 mg; one cigarette delivers about 1 mg. of nicotine. Nicotine is a volatile oil, inflammable, powerfully alkaline, with an acrid smell and a burning taste. Once nicotine enters the blood stream, it has been shown to cross the blood brain barrier and bind to receptors in the brain, resulting in the release of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the central nervous system's neurohumoral pathways.
One constituent of tobacco smoke: nicotine, is a stimulant to the central nervous system. Nicotine is one of the most powerful psychoactive drugs known, with addiction occurring when doses reach high levels. Smokers inhale approximately one milligram per cigarette, which quickly enters the bloodstream through the lungs, going straight to the brain. Here, it stimulates the brain, speeding up communication between cells. But by the time a cigarette is finished, the nicotine level in the blood begins to plunge, causing the body to urgently signal its need for more. Smoking a cigarette every half an hour or so keeps nicotine levels elevated, but the smoker pays a devastating price.
Smoking causes many premature deaths from diseases that are largely incurable, but preventable by stopping smoking. There are three main killing diseases which smoking causes or brings on earlier:
* Heart disease. Smoking is responsible for 30 percent of all heart attacks and cardiovascular deaths. * Cancer. It is responsible for at least 30 percent of all cancer deaths and 87 percent of lung cancer deaths each year. * Lung problems. Smoking is responsible for 82 percent of deaths due to emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Although the negative health effects of cigarette smoking cannot be debated, it remains the single most common cause of preventable deaths. Each year, over 430,000 people die as a result of a smoking related disease. Yet, over 50 million continue to smoke, including over 3 million teens. An estimated three thousand teenagers begin to smoke each day, and one thousand of them will eventually die as a result. According to the American Lung Association, cigarette smoking leads to 87% of lung cancers, emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Healthcare and lost productivity costs of $97.2 billion dollars per years arise from smoking related illnesses. Cigarettes contain over 19 known cancer-causing chemicals in addition to nicotine.
Quitting is a frustrating and difficult proposition for these people who despite the knowledge that they are seriously harming their bodies. Addiction to nicotine causes very uncomfortable symptoms of with drawl. Irritation, agitation and anxiety as well as loss of concentration, sleep disturbances, headaches, coughing and cravings.
Smoking cigarettes is so compelling because of the effects of nicotine. A stimulant, nicotine causes a temporary increase in alertness and a calm feeling. And it can be incredibly addictive. Some studies have found nicotine to be more highly addictive that cocaine or heroin. Additionally, it suppresses the appetite and smokers tend to keep weight off. How Smoking Harms Your Body Here’s why cigarette smoke causes so much damage to our bodies. While nicotine itself isn't thought to be carcinogenic, the highly addictive drug is toxic and potentially lethal in large doses. Long-term smokers have a much higher risk of developing a host of life threatening diseases. Just about any cancer you can think of, including cancer of the lung, mouth, nose, voice box, lip, tongue, nasal sinus, esophagus, throat, pancreas, bone marrow, kidney, cervix, liver, bladder and stomach can result from smoking.
Heart and lungs are most damaged by smoking Lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, are largely due to smoking. Heart disease, which includes coronary artery disease, heart attack and stroke are far more common in smokers. One of the effects of nicotine is constricting the blood vessels, which in turn causes high blood pressure. Another effect is raising your heart rate, which adds extra stress on your heart.
Not only does smoking affect the heart, but every part of your circulatory system. Your blood becomes thicker and stickier, further taxing the heart. The lining of the blood vessels is damaged, allowing fat deposits to adhere, and is most likely a significant cause of arteriosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries.
As a result, diminished circulation to the feet and hands leads to painful neuropathy, and impaired ability to fight local infections. This can lead to gangrene and sometimes requires amputation.
1) to know types of drugs 2) to know how drugs affects our health
Question :
1) is smoking dangerous to our health? 2) how does smoking affecting our health ? 3) how does smoking affecting secondary smoker? 4) how to reduce addiction of smoking? 5) what the goverment should do to overcome this problem ?
5 comments:
Azmer
yes. it because the contain in cigartte was so dangerous...
see the fact below :
TOP 10 DRUGS
The following list is comprised of
the top 10 misused drugs in the world today:
(click for more information)
TOBACCO : biggest killer (400,000 deaths/year)
ALCOHOL : most widely abused legal substance
PRESCRIPTION DRUGS : dangerously addictive, rising in popularity
METHAMPHETAMINE : labeled an epidemic problem by the press
MARIJUANA : most widely abused illegal substance
MDMA (ECSTASY) : little research on long term effects, still popular
CRACK COCAINE : cheap, destructive drug making a comeback
HEROIN : highly addictive drug making a comeback in some areas
STEROIDS : horrible side effects, the toll they're taking on athletics
INHALANTS : abuse is on the rise among youth again
Adam
The pharmacological effects of nicotine upon the body.
The mechanical steps involved in smoking include carrying cigarettes,
lighting them, placing them between the lips, sucking on them, inhaling
the smoke, exhaling, holding the lighted cigarette, and repeating the
maneuver. A physical need that is satisfied by these steps is the
achievement of a blood level of nicotine and other substances. This is
somewhat that habituated smoker's body comes to sense a worthwhile goal.
Psychological needs that are satisfied by the steps involved in smoking
are very basic and infantile, including ingesting, sucking, grasping, and
repetitive hand to mouth activity.
That the psychological needs of smoking are of as great importance as the
chemical ones is amply illustrated by consistent observations on persons
who have recently tried to quit. They eat more and gain weight, "do not
know what to do" with their hands, and experience extreme psychological
discomfort manifested as irritably. While the loss of chemical
satisfaction contributed to this by unknown and indirect mechanisms, the
substitution of food for smoking substitutes the importance of the sucking
and ingestion behavior.
Many preparations have been devised to combat tobacco habits. These prior
efforts have generally been directed to the concurrent use of tobacco and
silver salts, sulfides, sulfur, thioglycols, lobeline, sedatives,
anticonvulsant drugs, or other substances causing nausea or ill feeling to
the end of building up to a psychological response to tobacco that make
the same undesirable. Not only have such preparations proved unpopular
because of the lack of desire on the part of the individual deliberately
to make himself ill to cure the habit, they have also proved ineffective
to many instances even when faithfully employed. It is well known that the
habit-formula and health-deterring factor in tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum)
is the Nicotine (C10 H14 N2) which is a very toxic
substance, the lethal unit dose for an average adult is about 60 mg; one
cigarette delivers about 1 mg. of nicotine. Nicotine is a volatile oil,
inflammable, powerfully alkaline, with an acrid smell and a burning taste.
Once nicotine enters the blood stream, it has been shown to cross the
blood brain barrier and bind to receptors in the brain, resulting in the
release of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the central nervous system's
neurohumoral pathways.
One constituent of tobacco smoke: nicotine, is a stimulant to the central
nervous system. Nicotine is one of the most powerful psychoactive drugs
known, with addiction occurring when doses reach high levels. Smokers
inhale approximately one milligram per cigarette, which quickly enters the
bloodstream through the lungs, going straight to the brain. Here, it
stimulates the brain, speeding up communication between cells. But by the
time a cigarette is finished, the nicotine level in the blood begins to
plunge, causing the body to urgently signal its need for more. Smoking a
cigarette every half an hour or so keeps nicotine levels elevated, but the
smoker pays a devastating price.
Hafiz
Smoking causes many premature deaths from diseases that are largely incurable, but preventable by stopping smoking. There are three main killing diseases which smoking causes or brings on earlier:
* Heart disease. Smoking is responsible for 30 percent of all heart attacks and cardiovascular deaths.
* Cancer. It is responsible for at least 30 percent of all cancer deaths and 87 percent of lung cancer deaths each year.
* Lung problems. Smoking is responsible for 82 percent of deaths due to emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Frankie
Although the negative health effects of cigarette smoking cannot be debated, it remains the single most common cause of preventable deaths. Each year, over 430,000 people die as a result of a smoking related disease. Yet, over 50 million continue to smoke, including over 3 million teens. An estimated three thousand teenagers begin to smoke each day, and one thousand of them will eventually die as a result. According to the American Lung Association, cigarette smoking leads to 87% of lung cancers, emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Healthcare and lost productivity costs of $97.2 billion dollars per years arise from smoking related illnesses. Cigarettes contain over 19 known cancer-causing chemicals in addition to nicotine.
Quitting is a frustrating and difficult proposition for these people who despite the knowledge that they are seriously harming their bodies. Addiction to nicotine causes very uncomfortable symptoms of with drawl. Irritation, agitation and anxiety as well as loss of concentration, sleep disturbances, headaches, coughing and cravings.
Smoking cigarettes is so compelling because of the effects of nicotine. A stimulant, nicotine causes a temporary increase in alertness and a calm feeling. And it can be incredibly addictive. Some studies have found nicotine to be more highly addictive that cocaine or heroin. Additionally, it suppresses the appetite and smokers tend to keep weight off.
How Smoking Harms Your Body
Here’s why cigarette smoke causes so much damage to our bodies. While nicotine itself isn't thought to be carcinogenic, the highly addictive drug is toxic and potentially lethal in large doses. Long-term smokers have a much higher risk of developing a host of life threatening diseases. Just about any cancer you can think of, including cancer of the lung, mouth, nose, voice box, lip, tongue, nasal sinus, esophagus, throat, pancreas, bone marrow, kidney, cervix, liver, bladder and stomach can result from smoking.
Heart and lungs are most damaged by smoking
Lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, are largely due to smoking. Heart disease, which includes coronary artery disease, heart attack and stroke are far more common in smokers. One of the effects of nicotine is constricting the blood vessels, which in turn causes high blood pressure. Another effect is raising your heart rate, which adds extra stress on your heart.
Not only does smoking affect the heart, but every part of your circulatory system. Your blood becomes thicker and stickier, further taxing the heart. The lining of the blood vessels is damaged, allowing fat deposits to adhere, and is most likely a significant cause of arteriosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries.
As a result, diminished circulation to the feet and hands leads to painful neuropathy, and impaired ability to fight local infections. This can lead to gangrene and sometimes requires amputation.
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